以色列军队占领黎巴嫩的博福城堡，这是一处十字军时期的遗址，曾由圣殿骑士团把守
Israeli forces capture Lebanon’s Beaufort Castle, a Cru…
This has historically been a very strategic site, especially during the Crusades.
历史上，这里一直是一个非常重要的战略地点，尤其是在十字军时期。
A 12th-century castle built during the Crusades in Lebanon has been seized by Israeli forces in what’s been described as the deepest incursion into Lebanon for more than 25 years.
一座建于十字军东征时期、位于黎巴嫩的12世纪城堡，已被以色列军队占领，这被描述为该国25年以来最深入的入侵。
The historic site, known as Beaufort Castle or Qalʿat al-Shaqīf, sits atop a striking rocky outcrop in a commanding position on the edge of the Litani gorge, boasting spectacular views across southern Lebanon. It has historically been a very strategic site, especially during the Crusades.
该历史遗址被称为博福城堡或卡拉特·沙基夫（Qalʿat al-Shaqīf），坐落于利塔尼峡谷边缘一个突出的岩石露头上，拥有俯瞰黎巴嫩南部壮丽景色的制高点。历史上，它一直是一个非常重要的战略要地，尤其是在十字军东征期间。
What were the Crusades?
什么是十字军东征？
The Crusades is the name given to a series of military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, of Latin Christians from across Europe to a range of destinations, most famously the Holy Land.
十字军东征是指一系列军事远征的名称，这些远征始于11世纪末，由来自欧洲各地的拉丁基督徒前往多个目的地，其中最著名的是圣地。
The Crusades were armed pilgrimages, representing a fusion of ideas about warfare and spirituality.
十字军东征是武装朝圣，代表了战争观念与精神信仰的融合。
Crusades would be called for by a pope, who would promise participants spiritual rewards if they took the Crusade vow and undertook these campaigns.
十字军东征通常由教皇发起，教皇会承诺，如果参与者发下十字军誓言并参与这些战役，他们将获得精神上的回报。
The aims and goals of Crusades changed over time as the geopolitical landscape changed. The First Crusade – called in 1095 CE – had a broad goal of “liberating” the holy sites of Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks, a Sunni Muslim group in power in Asia Minor at the time.
随着地缘政治格局的变化，十字军东征的目标和宗旨也随之改变。第一次十字军东征——于公元1095年发起——其宏大目标是“解放”耶路撒冷的圣地，当时该地由塞尔柱突厥人（一个在小亚细亚拥有权力的逊尼派穆斯林群体）控制。
The Crusaders also wanted to render military aid to Eastern Christians in the region.
十字军也希望向该地区的东正教基督徒提供军事援助。
But what distinguishes the Crusades from other military campaigns was that this was seen as a spiritually meritorious form of warfare.
但使十字军东征区别于其他军事战役的是，它被视为一种具有精神功德的战争形式。
The First Crusade established the Crusader States, with what came to be known as the Kingdom of Jerusalem at its heart.
第一次十字军东征建立了十字军国家，其中以后来被称为耶路撒冷王国为核心。
Who built Beaufort Castle and why?
谁建造了博福城堡？为什么？
This site’s time as a Crusader castle began in 1139 CE with the Franks – the label used at the time to denote western European settlers in the east.
该遗址作为十字军城堡的历史始于公元1139年，由“法兰克人”建造——当时“法兰克人”是用来指代东方西欧定居者的称呼。
When the Franks arrived at the site, it was probably already being used in some significant way because of its strategic position.
当法兰克人到达该遗址时，由于其战略位置，它可能已经以某种重要方式被使用。
The king of Jerusalem at this time was Fulk, who was a Frank (the Kingdom of Jerusalem had already existed for 40 years before he captured the Beaufort Castle site) .
当时的耶路撒冷国王是富尔克（Fulk），他是一位法兰克人（耶路撒冷王国在他占领博福城堡遗址之前已经存在了40年）。
He began construction of Beaufort Castle (Old French for “beautiful fortress”) in about 1139 CE. Ultimately, it became a large castle over two levels, roughly triangular in shape. As is often the case for buildings from this era, it has had parts added on and destroyed over time.
他大约在公元1139年开始建造博福城堡（在古法语中意为“美丽的堡垒”）。最终，它成为一座拥有两个以上楼层、大致呈三角形的大城堡。与该时期建筑通常一样，它随着时间的推移经历过增建和损毁。
What we are left with is a mix of Frankish building work and augmentations from various Muslim rulers over the centuries.
我们现在剩下的部分是法兰克人的建筑作品与几个世纪以来各种穆斯林统治者增建部分的混合体。
Latin Christians saw it as part of a network of fortified castles they hoped would help shore up Frankish settlement in the area.
拉丁基督徒认为它是防御性城堡网络的一部分，希望这些城堡能帮助巩固该地区的法兰克人定居点。
Enter Saladin
进入萨拉丁
The next key character in the history of Beaufort Castle is Saladin. He is among the most famous figures in Crusades history, in the region and in Islamic history more broadly.
在博福城堡的历史上，下一个关键人物是萨拉丁。他在十字军东征史上、该地区乃至更广阔的伊斯兰历史上都是最著名的历史人物之一。
He was of Kurdish origin, and by the time Beaufort Castle was controlled by Latin Christians, he was sultan of Egypt and Syria.
他原籍库尔德斯坦，当博福城堡被拉丁基督徒控制时，他已经是埃及和叙利亚的苏丹。
By all accounts, Saladin appears to have been a charismatic, canny leader and military practitioner. He was a key figure in Muslim military efforts against the Latin Christians.
据所有记载，萨拉丁似乎是一位富有魅力、精明能干的领导者和军事实践者。他是穆斯林军队对抗拉丁基督徒的关键人物。
Saladin captured Beaufort Castle in 1190 CE. This was part of a longer story of success for Saladin in what has been called the “counter-Crusade”. A few years earlier, he had won some significant victories, including at the famous Battle of Hattin (depicted in Ridley Scott’s 2005 film, Kingdom of Heaven) .
萨拉丁于公元1190年攻占了博福城堡。这是萨拉丁在被称为“反十字军东征”的事件中的一系列成功故事的一部分。几年前，他取得了一些重要的胜利，包括在著名的哈廷战役（描绘于里德利·斯科特的2005年电影《天堂王国》中）。
Saladin also captured the city of Jerusalem in 1187, which was an enormous loss for the Crusaders.
萨拉丁还于1187年攻占了耶路撒冷，这对十字军来说是巨大的损失。
So the Beaufort capture was part of the bigger picture of Saladin’s spectacular journey of conquest in this region around this time. He died not long after in 1193 CE, and the castle remained in Muslim hands until 1240 CE.
因此，攻占博福城堡只是萨拉丁在此地区这一时期壮观征服之旅的更大图景的一部分。他不久后于公元1193年去世，城堡一直保留在穆斯林手中直到公元1240年。
After that, the castle went back to Latin Christian ownership as part of a treaty with Theobald I of Navarre in the Barons’ Crusade. Ultimately, the castle passed to the Knights Templar in 1260 CE.
此后，城堡作为与纳瓦拉的西奥巴尔德一世在男爵十字军东征中的条约的一部分，重新归属于拉丁基督徒所有。最终，城堡于公元1260年落入了圣殿骑士手中。
Who were the Knights Templar?
圣殿骑士团是谁？
The Knights Templar was a military religious order made up of hybrid warrior-monks, founded in 1118 in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Their initial remit was to defend Christian pilgrims visiting holy sites, but their role changed over time.
圣殿骑士团是一个由战士-修道士混合体组成的军事宗教修会，于1118年在耶路撒冷王国创立。他们最初的任务是保护前往圣地的基督教朝圣者，但他们的角色随着时间发生了变化。
They lived according to a religious rule, known as the Templar Rule, and they took vows of chastity, poverty and obedience to live in communities according to their vows.
他们遵循一项被称为“圣殿骑士规则”的宗教戒律生活，并发誓保持贞洁、贫穷和顺从，按照这些誓言在修会中生活。
What was unusual about these monks was they were also highly trained warriors, especially skilled as mounted knights, as both heavy and light cavalry.
这些修道士的特别之处在于，他们也是受过高度训练的战士，尤其擅长骑兵，无论是重骑兵还是轻骑兵。
The kings of Jerusalem soon came to rely on them for military advice and as a highly trained standing army.
耶路撒冷的国王们很快开始依赖他们获取军事建议，并视其为一支训练有素的常备军。
They were viewed as having the power to fight on both a spiritual and earthly battlefield, a kind of holy super soldiers. According to their patron, Bernard of Clairvaux, the Templar’s
他们被认为拥有在精神和世俗战场上作战的能力，是一种神圣的超级士兵。根据他们的赞助人伯纳德·克莱尔沃（Bernard of Clairvaux）的说法，圣殿骑士的
soul is protected by the armour of faith just as his body is protected by armour of steel.
灵魂受到信仰盔甲的保护，就像他的身体受到钢铁盔甲的保护一样。
Kings and nobles increasingly began to donate land and riches to the Templars. They eventually became an international organisation with significant wealth across Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean (although they would eventually be tried for heresy) .
国王和贵族越来越多地开始向圣殿骑士团捐赠土地和财富。他们最终成为一个国际组织，在欧洲和东地中海地区拥有巨大的财富（尽管他们最终因异端而被审判）。
The Knights Templar held Beaufort Castle for only eight years, before the site was returned to Muslim rule for centuries. In modern history, it has been controlled by Lebanon – until its capture by Israeli forces this week.
圣殿骑士团只占领了博福城堡八年，之后该地曾被穆斯林统治数个世纪。在现代历史上，它曾由黎巴嫩控制——直到本周被以色列军队占领。
This is a region with an incredibly nuanced and complex history, and it remains that way today.
这是一个拥有极其微妙和复杂历史的地区，并且至今仍是如此。
Beth Spacey received funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK) for her PhD research on medieval history.
贝丝·斯佩西（Beth Spacey）获得了艺术与人文研究委员会（英国）的资助，用于她关于中世纪历史的博士研究。
