Friday essay: How to Sell a Genocide exposes the double standards of reporting on Gaza
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周五文章:《如何贩卖种族灭绝》揭露了关于加沙报道的双重标准

Friday essay: How to Sell a Genocide exposes the double…

Jeff Sparrow, Senior Lecturer, Centre for Advancing Journalism, The University of Melbourne

Almost all major human rights organisations agree the destruction of Gaza meets the legal definition of genocide. Yet liberal news outlets still do not use the word.

几乎所有主要的国际人权组织都同意加沙的破坏符合种族灭绝的法律定义。然而,自由派媒体仍然没有使用这个词。

When the University of Queensland Press cancelled the publication of Wiradjuri poet Jazz Money’s book Bila: A River Cycle because of a blog post by its illustrator, 60 UQP contributors signed a letter of protest. Some declared they would no longer publish with UQP. Fourteen staff members issued a statement decrying “the precedent the University of Queensland has set”.

当昆士兰大学出版社因其插画师的一篇博客文章而取消了维拉吉里诗人贾兹·莫尼(Jazz Money)的著作《Bila: A River Cycle》的出版时,60名UQP的撰稿人签署了一封抗议信。一些人宣布他们将不再与UQP合作出版。十四名员工发表声明,谴责了“昆士兰大学设定的先例”。

Had HarperCollins, a publisher owned and controlled by the Murdoch family, nixed an Indigenous children’s book, the decision would perhaps not have been experienced as such a betrayal. UQP, however, boasts on its website of “publishing literary works, poetry and Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander stories”: scarcely an orientation one usually associates with politicised book pulping.

如果哈珀柯林斯(HarperCollins)——一家由默多克家族拥有和控制的出版社——取消了一本原住民儿童读物,那么这一决定可能不会被视为如此大的背叛。然而,UQP在其网站上却宣扬着“出版文学作品、诗歌和原住民托雷斯海峡岛民的故事”:这几乎是一种人们通常不与政治化的书籍“废品处理”联系起来的定位。

The Bila episode follows a recent pattern in which supposedly progressive institutions and organisations respond to any connection to the Gaza genocide as aggressively as their right-wing counterparts, or even more so.

《Bila》事件遵循了一个最近的模式:那些所谓的进步机构和组织,对任何与加沙种族灭绝的关联,都表现出与他们的右翼同行一样激烈的反应,甚至更加激烈。

Conservative politicians and the right-wing press systematically demonise the Palestinian cause and its supporters. According to a study by Ette media, the Australian published, between October 7 2023 and April 9 2026, an astonishing 412 articles wholly or in part about Palestinian writer Randah Abdel-Fattah. Yet some of the most punitive campaigns have played out not in the corporate sector but at the ABC and within the university sector.

保守派政客和右翼媒体系统性地妖魔化巴勒斯坦事业及其支持者。根据Ette媒体的一项研究,在2023年10月7日到2026年4月9日期间,澳大利亚发表了惊人的412篇关于巴勒斯坦作家兰达·阿卜杜勒法塔(Randah Abdel-Fattah)的文章,无论全部还是部分涉及。然而,一些最严厉的运动并非发生在企业界,而是发生在ABC和大学界。

Figure

In How to Sell a Genocide: The Media’s Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza, Adam Johnson explores a similar phenomenon in the United States. His book does not focus, he says, on “the conservative or MAGA media’s dehumanization of Palestinians”. This is partly because right-wing outlets such as Fox News, the Wall Street Journal and The Daily Wire don’t disguise their anti-Palestinian stance, but also because the timing of the war in Gaza made the reporting and commentary by supposed progressives particularly important.

在《如何贩卖种族灭绝:媒体在摧毁加沙中的共谋》一书中,亚当·约翰逊(Adam Johnson)探讨了美国一个类似的现象。他指出,他的书并不关注“保守派或MAGA媒体对巴勒斯坦人的非人化处理”。部分原因在于福克斯新闻(Fox News)、《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street Journal)和《每日电讯》(The Daily Wire)等右翼媒体并没有掩饰其反巴勒斯坦立场,但另一个原因是因为加沙战争的时机使得所谓的进步人士的报道和评论尤为重要。

“There was,” Johnson reminds us, “a Democratic president in office when the genocide began in earnest, and support from Democrats in Congress and in the think-tank and media world was dispositive in continuing said genocide.”

约翰逊提醒我们:“当种族灭绝开始实质性发生时,美国正处于一位民主党总统执政时期,而来自国会、智库和媒体界的民主党人的支持,对持续这场种族灭绝起到了决定性的作用。”

His critique of what he calls the “Center-Left media” is based on careful documentation of some 12,000 articles and 5,000 television clips. He brings, as they say, the receipts.

他对所谓的“中左翼媒体”的批判,是基于对大约12,000篇文章和5,000个电视片段的仔细记录。他带来了,正如人们所说,“证据”。

For instance, Johnson notes that CNN – a pillar of US liberalism – mentioned the child deaths in the first 100 days of the Ukraine war far more (4,223 times) than child deaths in the corresponding period in Gaza (3,632 times) . On MSNBC, child victims of the Ukraine war featured 1,775 times, compared with 1,522 times for Gaza.

例如,约翰逊指出,CNN——美国自由主义的支柱——在报道乌克兰战争前100天内提及儿童死亡的次数(4,223次),远高于同期报道加沙儿童死亡的次数(3,632次)。在MSNBC上,乌克兰战争的儿童受害者出现了1,775次,而加沙的次数为1,522次。

Yet, in the first 100 days of the Ukraine conflict, 262 children died. In Gaza, the toll of dead kids exceeded 10,000.

然而,在乌克兰冲突的前100天里,有262名儿童死亡。而在加沙,死去的儿童人数超过了10,000人。

The systematic obliteration of civilian infrastructure in Gaza meant that, even in the initial period Johnson studied, 80% of the population was displaced. In Ukraine, the equivalent figure was only 33%. Yet Johnson finds the US television networks referred to refugees, displaced people and similar terms eight times more often for Ukrainians than for Palestinians (1,663 versus 211) .

加沙平民基础设施的系统性摧毁意味着,即使在约翰逊研究的初期,80%的人口也流离失所。而在乌克兰,这一等效数字仅为33%。然而,约翰逊发现,美国电视网络报道提及“难民”、“流离失所者”和类似术语的次数,在乌克兰人身上比在巴勒斯坦人身上多出八倍(1,663次对211次)。

Lexical scruples

词汇上的顾虑

The International Association of Genocide Scholars describes the Israeli war on Gaza as meeting the legal definition of genocide. The association’s position came after a vote, so we know it reflects the judgement of 86% of its members.

国际种族灭绝学者协会将以色列对加沙的战争描述为符合种族灭绝的法律定义。该协会的立场是在投票之后得出的,因此我们知道它反映了其86%成员的判断。

Almost all the major human rights organisations and NGOs agree, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, B’Tselem, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention, Genocide Watch, the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights, the Middle East Studies Association, Oxfam and Physicians for Human Rights Israel.

几乎所有主要的国际人权组织和非政府组织都表示赞同,包括国际特赦组织、人权观察、巴勒斯坦组织“布茨莱姆”、列姆金种族灭绝预防研究所、种族灭绝观察组织、欧洲宪法和人权中心、中东研究协会、奥xfam和以色列人权医生。

Yet most liberal news outlets still do not use the word “genocide” in relation to Gaza.

然而,大多数自由派新闻媒体仍然没有在与加沙相关的报道中使用“种族灭绝”一词。

Johnson shows how such lexical scruples do not apply elsewhere. “Even though the destruction of Gaza, by all objective metrics, has been magnitudes more brutal and deadly than that of Russia’s invasion and occupation of Ukraine,” he observes, “the totalising moral labels of ‘war crime’ and ‘genocide’ were used on CNN and MSNBC 17.2 times more often in the context of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine than Israel’s action in Gaza.”

约翰逊展示了这种词汇上的顾虑在其他地方并不适用。“尽管从所有客观指标来看,加沙的破坏程度比俄罗斯入侵和占领乌克兰的破坏程度更具规模、更残暴、更致命,”他观察到,“但在CNN和MSNBC上,‘战争罪’和‘种族灭绝’这些总括性的道德标签,在报道俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的背景下被使用了比以色列在加沙的行动多出17.2倍。”

His review of the first 30 days of the two conflicts found that, on CNN and MSNBC, Ukrainians were described on air as victims of genocide or war crimes 1,790 times: 1,515 for war crimes and 275 for genocide. When the victims were Palestinian, the terms were used 104 times: 92 for war crimes and 12 for genocide.

他对这两场冲突前30天的回顾发现,在CNN和MSNBC上,乌克兰人被描述为种族灭绝或战争罪的受害者共计1,790次:战争罪占1,515次,种族灭绝占275次。当受害者是巴勒斯坦人时,这些术语的使用次数为104次:战争罪占92次,种族灭绝占12次。

“Ostensibly non-opinionated reporters and ‘analysts’ on both MSNBC and CNN,” writes Johnson, “often asserted, as a matter of fact, that Russia was committing war crimes against Ukrainians, without this being seen as violating their neutrality.”

约翰逊写道:“无论是在MSNBC还是CNN上,那些表面上不带个人意见的记者和‘分析人士’,经常断言俄罗斯正在犯下针对乌克兰人的战争罪,而这并没有被视为违反了他们的中立性。”

Higher standards

更高标准

Israel’s defenders insist the country should not be held to a higher standard than other nations. Johnson’s research shows the opposite is true: judgements regularly made in other contexts become controversial only when applied to Israel.

以色列的辩护者坚持认为,该国不应被要求达到比其他国家更高的标准。然而,约翰逊的研究表明情况恰恰相反:在其他背景下经常做出的判断,只有当应用于以色列时才会变得有争议。

After an attack on the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City killed about 200 Palestinians on October 17 2023, Israeli spokespeople denounced early media accounts that blamed an IDF air strike, releasing a recording purportedly capturing a dialogue between Palestinian militants accepting responsibility for the blast.

在2023年10月17日加沙城阿尔阿利阿拉伯医院遭受袭击,造成约200名巴勒斯坦人死亡后,以色列发言人谴责了早期媒体将责任归咎于以色列国防军(IDF)空袭的报道,并发布了一段据称捕捉到巴勒斯坦激进分子承认爆炸责任的对话录音。

Channel 4 quickly debunked the audio as a clumsy fake; the investigative group Forensic Architecture determined that most of Israel’s claims about the hospital attack were demonstrably false.

第四频道(Channel 4)迅速驳斥了该音频,称其为拙劣的伪造;调查组织“法证建筑”(Forensic Architecture)确定,以色列关于医院袭击的大部分说法是明显错误的。

In the months that followed, the IDF engaged in what UN experts later described as “medicide”: namely, the targeted destruction of Gaza’s healthcare system and the killing of more than 1,500 healthcare workers. In one particularly ghastly incident, the IDF fired on five clearly marked ambulances and a fire truck after they came to the aid of Palestinians wounded in an earlier attack.

在随后的几个月里,以色列国防军从事了联合国专家后来描述为“医疗种族灭绝”的行为:即有针对性地摧毁加沙的医疗系统,并杀害了超过1,500名医护人员。在一个特别可怕的事件中,在救助了先前袭击中受伤的巴勒斯坦人后,以色列国防军向五辆明显标记的救护车和一辆消防车开火。

A subsequent investigation by Forensic Architecture and Earshot alleged the soldiers fired more than 900 bullets at the convoy, before shooting the survivors at close range. The IDF then deployed bulldozers to crush and cover the vehicles, and bury the dead in an unmarked mass grave.

法证建筑和Earshot随后进行的一项调查声称,这些士兵向车队开射了超过900发子弹,随后在近距离射杀了幸存者。以色列国防军随后部署了推土机碾压和掩埋这些车辆,并将死者掩埋在一个没有标记的大坟坑中。

That was one year and five months after Israeli president Isaac Herzog rejected allegations of Israeli responsibility for the Al-Ahli hospital attack as a “blood libel”.

这是以色列总统以色列·赫尔佐格(Isaac Herzog)在一年零五个月前,将以色列对阿尔阿利医院袭击的责任指控斥为“血 libel”(血腥诽谤)之后发生的。

The pushback by the Israelis led to US news outlets formulating new policies. CNN and the New York Times began instructing employees that attacks could only be attributed to Israel after confirmation from the IDF and GPS coordinate location. Johnson quotes a source at CNN:

以色列方面的反击促使美国新闻媒体制定了新的政策。CNN和《纽约时报》开始指示员工,只有在获得以色列国防军的确认和GPS坐标位置后,才能将袭击归咎于以色列。约翰逊引用了CNN的一名消息人士的话:

Whether it’s in the newsroom or in the field, we couldn’t credit anything to Israel unless we were held to this impossibly high bar of having to call it an “explosion”, until we geolocated the site of the explosion, sent the coordinates to the Israelis and asked them for comment.
“无论是在新闻编辑室还是在现场,除非我们必须达到这个不可能的高标准——即必须将其称为‘爆炸’,直到我们确定爆炸地点,将坐标发送给以色列人并征求他们的评论——否则我们无法将任何事情归功于以色列。”

Asked about whether the policy was applied in other conflicts, such as the Ukraine war, Johnson’s source answers: “Never, never, never, never, never.”

当被问及该政策是否应用于其他冲突,例如乌克兰战争时,约翰逊的消息人士回答说:“绝不,绝不,绝不,绝不,绝不。”

Figure
The courtyard of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, Gaza City, in the aftermath of the attack on October 17 2023. Tasnim News Agency, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY
2023年10月17日袭击事件后,加沙城阿尔阿利阿拉伯医院的庭院。塔斯尼姆通讯社,经维基媒体共享资源,CC BY

Terms and conditions

条款和条件

Previously, the World Health Organization, Human Rights Watch and the US State Department had all used data from the Gaza Health Ministry because of its proven reliability. After the Al-Ahli hospital attack, US news outlets began appending the description “Hamas-controlled” or “Hamas-run” to descriptions of the health ministry. Johnson says:

此前,世界卫生组织、人权观察和美国国务院都曾使用加沙卫生部的数据,因为它被证明是可靠的。在阿尔阿利医院袭击事件之后,美国新闻媒体开始在描述该卫生部时附加“哈马斯控制的”或“哈马斯管理的”等描述。约翰逊说:

in our 100-day survey period, CNN used the “Hamas-run” label and related terms 277 times and MSNBC used it 146 times, despite neither using it once between October 7, 2023 and October 17, 2023.
在我们为期100天的调查期间,CNN使用了“哈马斯管理的”标签和相关术语277次,而MSNBC使用了146次,尽管在2023年10月7日和10月17日之间,两者都没有使用过一次。

The practice spread, including to Australia. By October 28 2023, the Sydney Morning Herald was also attributing casualty figures to the “Hamas-controlled Health Ministry”.

这种做法蔓延开来,包括到了澳大利亚。到2023年10月28日,《悉尼先驱晨报》也开始将伤亡数字归因于“哈马斯控制的卫生部”。

While no one has yet studied the liberal media in Australia with the rigour applied by Johnson in the US, the available evidence suggests it followed the patterns he describes. As I noted in a piece for Deep Cut News, the Age published a bold editorial declaring:

尽管还没有人像约翰逊在美国那样严谨地研究过澳大利亚的自由派媒体,但现有证据表明它遵循了他所描述的模式。正如我在《深切新闻》的一篇文章中指出的,《时代报》发表了一篇大胆的社论,宣布:

There is a genocide happening today […] Our government should urgently, repeatedly and loudly call for international intervention, and lead in imposing sanctions. We should send bountiful aid to the victims, and halt economic and diplomatic relations […] unless and until the savagery is stopped. All of us, as Australians, should shun travel […] for tourism or business. And our government should, as it did with the Syrian refugee crisis a few years ago, rapidly engineer an intake of […] refugees.
今天正在发生种族灭绝 […] 我们的政府应该紧急、反复、大声呼吁国际干预,并在实施制裁方面带头。我们应该向受害者发送大量援助,并暂停经济和外交关系 […] 直到野蛮行为停止。我们所有澳大利亚人都应该避免 […] 进行旅游或商务旅行。我们的政府应该,就像几年前处理叙利亚难民危机时那样,迅速安排接收 […] 难民。

That wasn’t about Gaza. It appeared in 2017, in relation to the persecution of the Rohingya people in Mynamar.

这不是关于加沙的。它出现在2017年,与缅甸罗兴亚人遭受迫害有关。

Some commentators point to the absence of a final judgement by the International Court of Justice in relation to Gaza. But in 2017 the International Court of Justice had not ruled that the killings of the Rohingya were genocidal. It still hasn’t. The glacial pace at which the court moves means genocide allegations brought by Gambia against Myanmar remain unresolved.

一些评论员指出,国际法院尚未就加沙作出最终裁决。但在2017年,国际法院尚未裁定罗兴亚人的死亡属于种族灭绝。至今仍未。法院缓慢的进程意味着冈比亚针对缅甸提出的种族灭绝指控仍悬而未决。

Nevertheless, in 2017, the Age saw no problem with using the word “genocide” after studying reports from Medecins Sans Frontieres about “a deliberate, systematic campaign causing death and human suffering”.

尽管如此,在2017年,《时代报》在研究了无国界医生关于“造成死亡和人类苦难的蓄意、系统性运动”的报告后,并没有觉得使用“种族灭绝”一词有问题。

Today, Medecins Sans Frontiers describes Israel’s operations in Gaza as genocidal. The Age does not. It has not published an editorial akin to that it issued in respect of Mynamar; it has not called for the government to impose sanctions, nor urged Australians to boycott Israel.

今天,无国界医生将以色列在加沙的行动描述为种族灭绝。《时代报》没有。它没有发表类似其针对缅甸的社论;它没有呼吁政府实施制裁,也没有敦促澳大利亚人抵制以色列。

An acquiescent press

顺从的媒体

How to explain the special treatment of Israel by the liberal press?

如何解释自由派媒体对以色列的特殊待遇?

The Gaza war focused attention on lobbyists and their influence on politics and the media. In the US, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee devoted the staggering sum of US$100 million in 2024 to unseating candidates it deemed insufficiently supportive of Israel.

加沙战争将注意力集中在游说者及其对政治和媒体的影响上。在美国,美国以色列公共事务委员会(American Israel Public Affairs Committee)在2024年投入了惊人的1亿美元,用于罢免那些被认为对以色列支持不足的候选人。

In his book Dateline Jerusalem, veteran journalist John Lyons describes a similar process in Australia. Well before the Gaza war, he witnessed the brutal discrimination dished out by Israeli soldiers to 12-year-old Palestinians in the West Bank, but recognised that, if he reported it, “I would be the target of a backlash which would be tough, nasty and prolonged”.

在《耶路撒冷快讯》一书中,资深记者约翰·莱恩斯(John Lyons)描述了澳大利亚类似的过程。早在加沙战争之前,他曾目睹以色列士兵对西岸12岁巴勒斯坦人施加的残酷歧视,但他意识到,如果他报道此事,“我将成为一场艰难、恶劣且旷日持久的反击的目标”。

So it proved. His 2014 story Stone Cold Justice won a Walkley, but he was “attacked professionally, personally and relentlessly by the pro-Israel lobby and its supporters”.

事实证明了这一点。他2014年报道的《石冷正义》(Stone Cold Justice)获得了沃克奖,但他却“受到了亲以色列游说团体及其支持者专业、个人和无情的攻击”。

Figure
In his book Dateline Jerusalem, John Lyons describes the backlash journalists face. Monash University Publishing
在《耶路撒冷快讯》一书中,约翰·莱恩斯描述了记者们面临的反击。莫纳什大学出版社

Famously, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky list “flak” from corporate lobbyists as one of the filters that produces an acquiescent press. Dissenting journalists face a barrage of time-consuming complaints so exhausting it induces preemptive self-censorship. Flak from pro-Israel groups aims, as Lyons puts it, “to make journalists decide that, even if they have a legitimate story that may criticise Israel, it’s simply not worth running it as it will cause ‘more trouble than it’s worth’”.

著名学者爱德华·赫尔曼和诺姆·乔姆斯基将企业游说者发出的“抨击”(flak)列为产生顺从媒体的过滤器之一。异议记者们面临着一连串耗时费力的投诉,令人筋疲力尽,从而引发了先发制人的自我审查。莱恩斯指出,亲以色列团体发出的抨击旨在“让记者们决定,即使他们有可以批评以色列的合法报道,也根本不值得发表,因为它会造成‘不必要的麻烦’”。

Along with the stick comes various carrots. In Australia, pro-Israel groups regularly provide journalists, editors and other media workers (as well as politicians) with all-expenses-paid “study trips” to the Middle East. Recipients of this largesse include a roll call of conservative media talent, but also include prominent journalists from the liberal press.

伴随“鞭子”而来的还有各种“胡萝卜”。在澳大利亚,亲以色列团体定期为记者、编辑和其他媒体工作者(以及政客)提供前往中东的全包“考察旅行”。这些恩惠的接受者包括了一批保守派媒体人才,但也包括了自由派媒体的知名记者。

To contextualise that record, consider the response when hundreds of media workers (including me) signed an open letter on the Gaza conflict in 2023, calling on outlets to, among other issues, reject “both sideism”, centre the human casualties, show equal scepticism to IDF and Hamas reports, report credible allegations of “war crimes, genocide, ethnic cleansing and apartheid”, and cover the anti-war movement.

为了说明这一记录,请考虑当数百名媒体工作者(包括我)于2023年签署了一封关于加沙冲突的公开信时所得到的反应。信中呼吁媒体机构,在其他问题之外,拒绝“双边主义”,关注人道伤亡,对以色列国防军和哈马斯的报告保持同等怀疑,报道关于“战争罪、种族灭绝、种族清洗和种族隔离”的可信指控,并报道反战运动。

In reply, Nine issued a memo written by Tory Maguire, then executive editor of the Sydney Morning Herald and the Age, and signed by then Age editor Patrick Elligett, SMH editor Bevan Shields and national editor David King. The memo cautioned journalists that “personal agendas” should not influence reporting.

作为回应,《九时报》(Nine)发布了一份备忘录,该备忘录由时任《悉尼晨报》和《时代报》执行编辑托里·麦奎尔撰写,并由时任《时代报》编辑帕特里克·埃利格特、《悉尼晨报》编辑贝文·希尔兹和国家编辑大卫·金签署。备忘录警告记者,“个人议程”不应影响报道。

The principle, Maguire wrote, meant that “any newsroom staff who signed this latest industry letter will be unable to participate in any reporting or production relating to the war”.

麦奎尔写道,这一原则意味着“任何签署了最新行业信函的新闻编辑室员工都将无法参与与战争相关的任何报道或制作”。

Guardian staff received a similar message from the editors of its Australian, US and UK organisations: Lenore Taylor, Betsy Reed and Kath Viner. The memo explained that staff “should not sign public petitions or open letters about matters that have, or could be perceived to have, a bearing on [the publication’s] ability to report the news in a fair and fact-based way”.

《卫报》的员工也收到了来自其澳大利亚、美国和英国机构编辑的类似信息:莱诺尔·泰勒、贝茜·里德和凯斯·维纳。备忘录解释说,员工“不应就可能影响[出版物]以公平和基于事实的方式报道新闻的事务,签署公开请愿书或公开信”。

Maguire, Shields and King had previously travelled to Israel on “study trips”; so had Taylor. A petition calling for fair cover for Palestinians created a perception of “bias” – but accepting free travel and accommodation from Israel or pro-Israel groups did not.

麦奎尔、希尔兹和金此前曾前往以色列进行“考察旅行”;泰勒也是如此。一份要求公平报道巴勒斯坦人的请愿书造成了“偏见”的印象——但接受来自以色列或亲以色列团体的免费旅行和住宿则没有。

Double standards

双重标准

Such double standards foster allegations of a media “captured” by pro-Israel lobbyists, a claim that can degenerate into antisemitic conspiracism. Johnson’s book rests on a much better analysis, one that centres US rather than Israeli power.

这种双重标准助长了媒体被亲以色列游说团体“控制”的指控,而这种指控可能会演变成反犹太阴谋论。约翰逊的书建立在一个更好的分析基础之上,这个分析的重点是美国的力量,而不是以色列的力量。

Three decades ago, secretary of state Alexander Haig provided a simple explanation of why Tel Aviv mattered so much to Washington. “Israel,” he said, “is the largest American aircraft carrier in the world that cannot be sunk, does not carry even one American solider, and is located in a critical region for American national security.”

三十年前,国务卿亚历山大·海格曾简单解释了以色列为什么对华盛顿如此重要。“以色列,”他说,“是世界上最大的、无法沉没的美国航空母舰,它不携带任何美国士兵,并且位于美国国家安全的关键地区。”

Since the 1970s, the US has looked to Israel to protect American interests in the oil-rich Middle East. To equip Israel for that function, the US provides more cumulative foreign aid to Israel than any other nation: since 1948, more than US$300 billion (adjusted for inflation) in total.

自20世纪70年代以来,美国一直视以色列为保护其在中东石油资源利益的工具。为了使以色列发挥这一功能,美国向以色列提供的累积外国援助超过了任何其他国家:自1948年以来,总额超过了3000亿美元(经通货膨胀调整)。

Most US support, particularly in recent years, pertains to defence. The majority of Israel’s air force and all of its combat aircraft are made in the US. The analyst William D. Hartung estimates that, since the Hamas attack on October 7 2023, the US government has provided Israel with US$21.7 billion of military aid.

美国的大部分支持,特别是在最近几年,都与国防有关。以色列大部分空军和所有战斗机都是在美国制造的。分析师威廉·D·哈廷估计,自2023年10月7日哈马斯袭击以来,美国政府已向以色列提供了217亿美元的军事援助。

If we recognise America’s strategic reliance on Israel, we are better positioned to understand the liberal response to Gaza, which also needs to be seen in the context of Trumpism. During the first Trump administration, many progressive institutions ostentatiously signalled their opposition to a presidency they considered illegitimate and anomalous.

如果我们认识到美国对以色列的战略依赖,我们就能更好地理解对加沙的自由派反应,而这也需要放在“特朗普主义”的背景下看待。在特朗普的第一届政府期间,许多进步机构公开表示反对一个它们认为是非合法和反常的总统任期。

Johnson notes that, when the killing of George Floyd in 2020 spurred a revival of the Black Lives Matter movement, “media outlets, cultural nonprofits, and colleges issued lofty – if vague – statements of support for racial justice”. These were low-stakes anti-Trump gestures that aligned mainstream liberals with what they saw as the imminent restoration of progressive normality.

约翰逊指出,当2020年乔治·弗洛伊德被杀事件引发“黑人的命也是命”运动复苏时,“媒体、文化非营利组织和大学发表了高尚——尽管模糊——的支持种族正义的声明”。这些是低风险的反特朗普姿态,使主流自由派与它们认为即将恢复的进步常态保持一致。

Support for Ukraine was equally easy. Unlike Palestinians, Ukrainians were, after all, understood by the Western media as civilised. In the London Telegraph, pundit Daniel Hannon spelled out why Ukrainian suffering resonated in the West: “They seem so like us. That is what makes it so shocking.” In 2022, CBS News foreign correspondent Charlie D’Agata explained (in remarks for which he subsequently apologised) that Ukraine was not “a place, with all due respect, like Iraq or Afghanistan, that has seen conflict raging for decades”; it was “relatively civilized, relatively European”.

支持乌克兰也同样容易。与巴勒斯坦人不同,西方媒体将乌克兰人理解为文明人。在《伦敦电讯报》上,评论员丹尼尔·哈农阐述了为什么乌克兰的苦难在西方引起共鸣:“他们看起来太像我们了。这就是令人震惊的地方。”2022年,CBS新闻外派记者查尔利·D’阿加塔(Charlie D’Agata)解释说(他在后续的讲话中为此道歉),乌克兰不是“恕我直言,像伊拉克或阿富汗那样经历了数十年的冲突之地”;它“相对文明,相对欧洲化”。

Figure
Adam Johnson, author of How to Sell a Genocide. Pluto Press
亚当·约翰逊,《如何出售一次种族灭绝》。Pluto Press

Johnson shows that, in the period he surveyed, the New York Times, the Associated Press, the Washington Post, CNN, Politico, USA Today and Axios collectively used the term “savage” 16 times for the killing of Israelis, but never for the killing of Palestinians.

约翰逊展示了,在他调查的时期内,《纽约时报》、《美联社》、《华盛顿邮报》、《CNN》、《政治》和《美国今日》以及《Axios》集体使用了“野蛮”(savage)一词16次来描述杀害以色列人的行为,但从未用于描述杀害巴勒斯坦人的行为。

Likewise, “slaughter” appeared 120 times in relation to the killing of Israelis, but only once for Palestinians. “Massacre” was used 344 times in relation to Palestinians killing Israelis, but never for Israelis killing Palestinians. “Barbaric” was used 14 times to describe the killing of Israelis, but zero times in relation to the deaths of Palestinians.

同样,“屠杀”(slaughter)与杀害以色列人有关出现了120次,但与杀害巴勒斯坦人有关只出现了一次。“大屠杀”(massacre)与巴勒斯坦人杀害以色列人有关使用了344次,但从未用于描述以色列人杀害巴勒斯坦人。描述杀害以色列人的行为使用了“野蛮”(barbaric)14次,但与巴勒斯坦人的死亡无关使用了零次。

The cable coverage displayed a similar pattern. Johnson records that on MSNBC, presenters and guests used “massacre” 177 times, “barbaric” 46 times, “savage” 23 times and “slaughter” 102 times in relation to Israeli deaths. They never called the killing of Palestinians “barbaric” or “savage”. In relation to Palestinians, they only used “massacre” eight times and “slaughter” four times.

电缆报道显示了类似的模式。约翰逊记录到,在MSNBC上,主持人和嘉宾在描述以色列人死亡时,使用了“大屠杀”(massacre)177次、“野蛮”(barbaric)46次、“野蛮”(savage)23次和“屠杀”(slaughter)102次。他们从未称杀害巴勒斯坦人的行为为“野蛮”或“野蛮”。在描述巴勒斯坦人时,他们只使用了“大屠杀”(massacre)八次和“屠杀”(slaughter)四次。

References to “savagery” and “barbarism” echo the logic of settler colonialism, identifying the uncivilised natives as a problem to be solved.

提及“野蛮”和“不文明”的说法呼应了定居者殖民主义的逻辑,将未开化的原住民视为需要解决的问题。

The sphere of deviancy

偏差的领域

By denouncing Putin’s invasion, liberal politicians and institutions were opposing a traditional US adversary. They were siding with the incoming Biden administration and most Western nations. And they were distancing themselves from an increasingly unpopular Trump, widely seen as sympathetic to Russia.

通过谴责普京的入侵,自由派政客和机构反对了一个传统的美国对手。他们站在了即将上任的拜登政府和大多数西方国家一边。同时,他们也与日益不受欢迎的特朗普保持了距离,特朗普被广泛认为对俄罗斯抱有同情心。

Figure

After October 7 2023, the calculus changed. Unlike a stance on Ukraine, opposition to Israel’s war was not cost-free. Hostility to the longstanding foreign policy consensus required a modicum of courage. In the terms established by Daniel Hallin’s famous study of the US media and Vietnam, The “Uncensored War” (1986) , those who opposed Israel’s war stepped outside the “sphere of consensus” and the “sphere of legitimate controversy” to inhabit the “sphere of deviancy”.

在2023年10月7日之后,算盘发生了变化。与在乌克兰问题上的立场不同,反对以色列的战争并非没有代价。对长期外交政策共识的敌意需要一定的勇气。根据丹尼尔·哈林(Daniel Hallin)关于美国媒体和越南的著名研究《未经审查的战争》(The “Uncensored War”,1986)所确立的术语,反对以色列战争的人们离开了“共识领域”和“合法争议领域”,进入了“偏差领域”。

This is a space occupied, in Hallin’s words, by “those political actors and views which journalists and the political mainstream of the society reject as unworthy of being heard”.

哈林的话说,这是一个由“记者和社会主流政治所认为不值得听到的政治行为者和观点”所占据的空间。

Not surprisingly, as Johnson explains, institutions that had previously backed Black Lives Matter, the people of Ukraine and other popular causes “found both their tongues and hands tied on the subject of social justice as the death toll in Gaza skyrocketed”.

不出所料,正如约翰逊所解释的,那些此前支持“黑人的命也是命”(Black Lives Matter)、支持乌克兰人民和其他热门事业的机构,在加沙死亡人数激增之际,在社会正义问题上“发现自己说不出话,也做不了事”。

In 2022, Harvard president Lawrence Bacow proclaimed his institution’s solidarity with Ukraine with a rousing speech. “Now is the time for all voices to be raised,” he declared:

2022年,哈佛大学校长劳伦斯·巴科(Lawrence Bacow)发表了激动人心的演讲,宣布了其机构对乌克兰的声援。“现在是所有声音都应该被发出的时刻,”他宣布道:

The deplorable actions of Vladimir Putin put at risk the lives of millions of people and undermine the concept of sovereignty. Institutions devoted to the perpetuation of democratic ideals and to the articulation of human rights have a responsibility to condemn such wanton aggression […] Today the Ukrainian flag flies over Harvard Yard. Harvard University stands with the people of Ukraine.
弗拉基米尔·普京的可 deplorable 行动危及了数百万人生命,并破坏了主权的概念。致力于维护民主理想和阐述人权的机构有责任谴责这种肆意的侵略……今天,乌克兰国旗飘扬在哈佛校园上。哈佛大学与乌克兰人民站在一起。

By 2024, Harvard had changed its mind. The time for raising voices had, apparently, come to an end. In the face of student protests, Harvard announced it would “no longer take positions on matters outside of the university”.

到了2024年,哈佛改变了主意。似乎,发声的时刻已经结束了。面对学生的抗议,哈佛宣布它将“不再就大学以外的问题发表立场”。

Johnson notes that 50% of the top US colleges – including Johns Hopkins, Northwestern, Yale, Cornell, Columbia, University of Michigan, Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, University of Virginia, Dartmouth and UCLA – issued statements of support either for Ukraine and/or for Israel in February 2022 and October 2023.

约翰逊指出,在2022年2月和2023年10月,50%的顶尖美国大学——包括约翰斯·霍普金斯大学、西北大学、耶鲁大学、康奈尔大学、哥伦比亚大学、密歇根大学、斯坦福大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、弗吉尼亚大学、达特茅斯学院和加州大学洛杉矶分校——都发表了支持乌克兰和/或支持以色列的声明。

Then, as the Gaza crisis intensified, they suddenly explained they couldn’t take stands on political issues.

然后,随着加沙危机加剧,他们突然解释说,他们不能在政治问题上表态。

Third partying

第三方角色扮演

The media, however, had to say something. In 2016, progressive outlets in the US had portrayed Trump as something akin to a fascist. In 2020, they had campaigned, more-or-less openly, for the Democrats. Even sober publications such as the New York Times made clear their preference for Joe Biden: a sensible centrist who would restore decency and democracy. Not surprisingly, in 2023, the Gaza genocide – and Biden’s complicity with the killing – created a tremendous ideological crisis for the liberal media.

然而,媒体不得不发表一些言论。2016年,美国进步派媒体曾将特朗普描绘成某种类似法西斯主义的形象。到2020年,他们几乎公开地为民主党人进行宣传。即使是《纽约时报》这样严肃的出版物,也明确表达了对乔·拜登的偏好:一位理性的中间派,能够恢复体面和民主。不出所料,到了2023年,加沙的种族灭绝——以及拜登参与的杀戮——给自由派媒体造成了巨大的意识形态危机。

Johnson notes that Biden could have stopped the war at any time, citing multiple Israeli sources to that effect. In November 2023, for instance, retired Israeli major general Yitzhak Brick acknowledged that the Gaza operation depended utterly on the US:

约翰逊指出,拜登随时都可以阻止这场战争,他为此引用了多位以色列消息来源。例如,2023年11月,以色列退役少将伊茨哈克·布里克承认,加沙行动完全依赖美国:

All of our missiles, the ammunition, the precision-guided bombs, all the airplanes and bombs, it’s all from the US. The minute they turn off the tap, you can’t keep fighting. You have no capability […] Everyone understands that we can’t fight this war without the United States. Period.
我们的所有导弹、弹药、精确制导炸弹、所有飞机和炸弹,都来自美国。一旦他们关掉水龙头,你就无法继续战斗。你没有任何能力……每个人都明白,没有美国,我们无法打这场战争。就是这样。

Michael Herzog, the former Israeli ambassador to the US, explained:

前以色列驻美大使迈克尔·赫尔佐格解释说:

God did the State of Israel a favor that Biden was the president during this period, because it could have been much worse. We fought for over a year, and the administration never came to us and said, ‘ceasefire now’. It never did. And that’s not to be taken for granted.
上帝给以色列一个恩惠,就是拜登在总统期间,因为情况本可以糟得多。我们战斗了一年多,而政府从未对我们说“现在停火”。它从未这么做。这一点不能视为理所当然。

Biden’s agency was rarely acknowledged by the mainstream media. Johnson describes the emergence of several distinctive styles of reporting that allowed “the average media consumer – and media worker – to cope with the undeniable and untenable war crimes being carried out by their leaders before their eyes”. A common trope involved what he dubs “Third Partying”. This entailed journalists framing the US “as a neutral party – even a humanitarian force – always looking (but, mysteriously, always failing) to end the conflict”.

拜登的能动性很少得到主流媒体的承认。约翰逊描述了出现了几种独特的报道风格,这些风格使得“普通媒体消费者——和媒体工作者——能够应对其领导者眼前正在进行的、不容否认且站不住脚的战争罪行”。一种常见的套路涉及他所谓的“第三方化”。这要求记者将美国描绘成“一个中立方——甚至是一个人道主义力量——总是(但神秘地,总是失败地)试图结束冲突”。

Liberals depicted Biden as helpless. As the New York Times put it, the most powerful man in the world was supposedly constrained by the “limits of US influence in the Mideast”. They wrote stories about what Johnson calls “Fuming/Deeply Concerned Biden”, in which the president featured as “secretly upset, outraged, having stern words for Netanyahu, or privately sad or anguished about civilian casualties”.

自由派人士将拜登描绘成无能为力。正如《纽约时报》所说,世界上最有权势的男人,据称受到“美国在中东影响力的限制”。他们撰写了约翰逊所称的“愤怒/深切关切的拜登”的故事,描绘了总统“秘密地心烦意乱、愤怒,对内塔尼亚胡说出严厉的话,或者私下为平民伤亡感到悲伤或痛苦”。

We might think about these tropes in relation to journalism professor Jay Rosen’s work on the professional socialisation of political journalists into what he describes as the “savvy style”. Rosen explains:

我们可能会将这些套路与新闻学教授杰伊·罗森关于政治记者专业社会化成他所描述的“老练风格”(savvy style)的工作联系起来。罗森解释说:

In politics, our journalists believe, it is better to be savvy than it is to be honest or correct on the facts. It’s better to be savvy than it is to be just, good, fair, decent, strictly lawful, civilized, sincere, thoughtful or humane. Savviness is what journalists admire in others. Savvy is what they themselves dearly wish to be. (And to be unsavvy is far worse than being wrong.) Savviness is that quality of being shrewd, practical, hyper-informed, perceptive, ironic, “with it”, and unsentimental in all things political. And what is the truest mark of savviness? Winning, of course! Or knowing who the winners are.
在政治中,我们的记者相信,老练比诚实或在事实上正确更好。老练比公正、善良、公平、体面、严格合法、文明、真诚、深思熟虑或人道更好。老练是记者们在他人身上欣赏的品质。老练是他们自己渴望拥有的品质。(而不够老练,比犯错更糟糕。)老练是一种精明、务实、信息丰富、有洞察力、讽刺、“懂行”,并且在所有政治事务中不带感情色彩的品质。那么,老练最真实的标志是什么?当然是胜利!或者知道谁是赢家。

In relation to Gaza, savvy commentators recognised (though not necessary openly) the US reliance on Israel to maintain hegemony in the Middle East. Savviness meant understanding the political consequences of that relationship: namely, that US politicians would back Israel under almost every circumstance.

在加沙问题上,老练的评论员们认识到(尽管不一定公开)美国维持中东霸权对以色列的依赖。老练意味着理解这种关系带来的政治后果:即美国政客在几乎所有情况下都会支持以色列。

Figure
Jay Rosen has defined the ‘savvy style’ in contemporary journalism. Moody College of Communication from Austin, USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
杰伊·罗森定义了当代新闻学中的“老练风格”。美国奥斯汀的穆迪传播学院,通过维基媒体共享资源,CC BY-SA

The Australian situation

澳大利亚的情况

Though the Australian situation is different, certain parallels can be identified.

尽管澳大利亚的情况有所不同,但可以发现一些相似之处。

The Albanese government came to power in 2022 with considerable support from a liberal media impressed by Labor’s aura of competence, particularly in contrast to the shambolic Morrison administration.

阿尔巴尼斯政府于2022年上台,获得了自由派媒体的相当大支持,媒体对工党的能力光环印象深刻,尤其是在与混乱的莫里森政府形成对比之后。

As a backbencher, Anthony Albanese had spoken at rallies to denounce the IDF for meeting “children throwing rocks with helicopters, with tanks and with missiles”. But as prime minister, he and his foreign minister Penny Wong sought, above all else, to strengthen the US alliance as a counter to an increasingly confident China. In relation to Gaza, Australia determinedly followed the US lead.

作为一名非执政党议员,安东尼·阿尔巴尼斯曾在集会上发表言论,谴责以色列国防军(IDF)的行为,称其如同“拿着直升机、坦克和导弹的儿童扔石头”。但作为总理,他和外长佩妮·黄最关注的,是加强美式联盟,以应对日益自信的中国。在加沙问题上,澳大利亚坚定地跟随了美国的步伐。

The tropes identified by Johnson appeared, in slightly modified form, in the Australian liberal press. For instance, after Greens leader Adam Bandt’s defeat in the seat of Melbourne during the federal election in May 2025, Nine’s David Crowe explained that Bandt had lost in part because he had:

Johnson指出的套路,以略微修改的形式,出现在了澳大利亚的自由派媒体上。例如,在2025年5月的联邦选举期间,绿党领袖亚当·班特在墨尔本选区败选后,Nine的大卫·克劳解释说,班特部分败选的原因是他:

seized on the war in Gaza to accuse Albanese of knowingly aiding Israel in a genocide. There was no such support for genocide; the Australian government wants a ceasefire and a two-state solution. Most importantly, most Australians knew their government did not have the power to stop the war. The Greens leader was eyeless in Gaza, blind to the danger for him and his party.
利用加沙战争指控阿尔巴尼斯明知故犯地帮助以色列进行种族灭绝。根本没有这种支持种族灭绝的行为;澳大利亚政府希望停火和两国方案。最重要的是,大多数澳大利亚人知道他们的政府没有能力阻止战争。绿党领导人在加沙视而不见,对自身和其党派的危险视而不见。

Crowe was right to say that an Australian prime minister lacked the power of a US president to stop the war. But Bandt had never suggested otherwise. Instead, the Greens – like many others – had insisted that abstract calls for a ceasefire and a two-state solution (an outcome that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has repeatedly vowed to oppose) meant nothing unless accompanied by what Bandt called pressure from “real, concrete steps”, such as an end to military trade, the imposition of sanctions and the expulsion of the Israeli ambassador.

克劳说得对,澳大利亚总理没有阻止战争的美国总统的权力。但班特从未提出过相反的观点。相反,绿党——和许多其他人一样——坚持认为,抽象的停火和两国方案的呼吁(以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡多次誓言反对的结果),如果没有伴随班特所说的来自“真实、具体的步骤”的压力,例如结束军事贸易、实施制裁和驱逐以色列大使,这些呼吁就毫无意义。

Symptomatically, in his condemnation of Bandt, Crowe does not reject his description of the war as genocidal. Instead, he presents Bandt’s response as an electoral misfire by the Greens. “Young voters may be drawn to its exaggerated rhetoric and confected conflict,” he concludes, “but voters trend to drop the party as they age.”

从表面上看,在谴责班特时,克劳并未否认他将战争描述为种族灭绝的说法。相反,他将班特的反应描绘成绿党的一次选举失误。他总结道:“年轻选民可能会被其夸张的言辞和捏造的冲突所吸引,但随着年龄增长,选民往往会抛弃该党。”

We might again recall Jay Rosen. “Prohibited from joining in political struggles,” he writes,

我们可能会再次提到杰伊·罗森。他写道:“禁止参与政治斗争,”

dedicated to observing what is, regardless of whether it ought to be, the savvy believe that these disciplines afford them a special view of the arena, cured of excess sentiment, useless passion, ideological certitude and other defects of vision that players in the system routinely exhibit. The savvy don’t say: I have a better argument than you. They say: I am closer to reality than you.
致力于观察事物本来的样子,而不考虑它应该是什么,有洞察力的人相信,这些学科赋予他们对场域的特殊视角,使其摆脱了系统参与者惯常表现出的过度情感、无用激情、意识形态确定性以及其他视角的缺陷。 有洞察力的人不会说:“我的论点比你的好。” 他们会说:“我比你更接近现实。”

Throughout the liberal media in Australia, the question of Gaza often manifested as a tension between employees and management. In November 2023, for instance, the Australian Financial Review reported on a meeting by the staff of Schwartz Media, publisher of the Saturday Paper, at which editor-in-chief Erik Jensen addressed concerns about the paper’s response to the Gaza crisis.

在澳大利亚的自由派媒体中,加沙问题经常表现为员工与管理层之间的紧张关系。例如,2023年11月,《澳大利亚金融评论报》报道了斯瓦茨媒体(《周报》的出版商)员工的一次会议。会上,主编埃里克·詹森谈到了关于该报如何应对加沙危机的担忧。

As far back as 2021, Alex McKinnon, the one-time morning editor of the Saturday Paper, identified what he called “an unofficial but widely known editorial policy of avoiding coverage of Israel and Palestine, especially any coverage that could be perceived as being critical of the Israeli government’s ongoing human rights abuses of Palestinians”. Many staff members, said McKinnon, “expressed discomfort with it, but all seemed resigned to it”.

早在2021年,曾担任《周六报》早间编辑的亚历克斯·麦金农(Alex McKinnon)指出他所称的“一项非官方但广为人知的编辑政策,即避免报道以色列和巴勒斯坦,特别是任何可能被视为批评以色列政府持续侵犯巴勒斯坦人人权的报道”。麦金农说,许多员工“对此感到不适,但似乎都对此习以为常”。

In response to McKinnon, Jensen rejected claims of a pro-Israel bias. He said the same in the 2023 staff meeting. Yet, as the staff reportedly argued, the Saturday Paper had previously distinguished itself with overt stances on other progressive causes, such as refugee rights and climate; it campaigned, through the dogged reporting of Rick Morton, for justice over the Robodebt scandal.

针对麦金农(McKinnon)的指控,詹森(Jensen)否认了存在亲以色列偏见的说法。他在2023年的员工会议上也发表了同样的言论。然而,据员工报告,该报纸此前曾就其他进步议题(如难民权利和气候变化)采取过明确立场;它曾通过里克·莫顿(Rick Morton)锲而不舍的报道,为“罗博债务”(Robodebt)丑闻争取过正义。

On May 21 2022, the Saturday Paper called for the defeat of Scott Morrison in the federal election, saying Morrison “will be remembered, if he is remembered at all, as the country’s great torturer”. On April 8 2023, the paper attacked Peter Dutton’s stance on the Indigenous Voice to Parliament, saying his “cynicism is boundless” and calling him an “ugly person who makes true the old joke about politics and show business”. The editorial accused him of dividing the country with his “ghoul politics”.

2022年5月21日,《周六报》呼吁在联邦选举中击败斯科特·莫里森,称莫里森“如果能被记住,那也将被铭记为这个国家最伟大的酷刑犯”。2023年4月8日,《周六报》抨击了彼得·达顿关于原住民议会代表权的立场,称其“愤世嫉俗无边”,并称其为“一个让关于政治和娱乐业的旧笑话变得真实的丑陋人物”。该社论指责他用其“僵尸政治”分裂国家。

Elections and Indigenous reconciliation are important issues. But so is genocide. Had the Saturday Paper applied the same editorial focus to Gaza, it might have published something like this:

选举和原住民和解是重要议题。但种族灭绝也是如此。如果《周六报》将同样的社论焦点投向加沙,它可能会发表类似以下的内容:

How will history regard the government of Albanese, Chalmers, Marles and Wong? It will record that after two and half years of genocide by Israel, Australia’s leadership invited Israel’s president for a state visit. Australia refused to condemn the raft of war crimes committed by Israel and supported by the United States, first in Gaza and then in Iran and southern Lebanon. […] Australia has said nothing while Israel has continued to assassinate journalists, medics, aid workers, diplomats, foreign and spiritual leaders across the Middle East. Worse, it has done nothing even to dissuade Israel – no sanctions, no calls for justice or statements of support for the ICC arrest warrants, not even stopping our arms trade to Israel.
历史将如何评价阿尔巴尼斯、查尔默斯、马尔斯和王政府?它将记录,在以色列实施了两年半的种族灭绝之后,澳大利亚的领导层却邀请以色列总统进行国事访问。澳大利亚拒绝谴责以色列和美国支持的系列战争罪行,这些罪行首先发生在加沙,随后发生在伊朗和南黎巴嫩。[…] 当以色列持续刺杀中东地区的记者、医护人员、援助工作者、外交官和精神领袖时,澳大利亚什么也没说。更糟的是,它甚至没有做任何事来阻止以色列——没有制裁,没有呼吁正义,没有发表支持国际刑事法院逮捕令的声明,甚至没有停止向以色列出售武器。

This passage was written by Nick Feik, the former editor of Schwartz Media’s magazine the Monthly, but it didn’t run in the Monthly or in the Saturday Paper. It appeared on Feik’s personal Substack.

这段文字由前《月刊》杂志编辑尼克·菲克撰写,但它并未刊登在《月刊》或《周六报》上。它出现在菲克的个人Substack上。

Alternative platforms

替代平台

That’s symptomatic of a growing trend in which writers horrified at the genocide are, either by choice or necessity, publishing on alternative platforms rather than the established liberal outlets. Robert Manne has long been acknowledged one of the most important public intellectuals in Australia. Remarkably, if you want to read his thoughtful comments on Gaza, Bondi and antisemitism, you must turn, not to any of the mainstream papers, but to his Substack.

这表明了一个日益增长的趋势:那些对种族灭绝感到震惊的作家,无论出于选择还是必要,选择在替代平台而非既有的自由主流媒体上发表文章。罗伯特·曼恩长期以来被认为是澳大利亚最重要的公共知识分子之一。值得注意的是,如果你想阅读他关于加沙、邦迪和反犹太主义的深思熟虑的评论,你不能看任何主流报纸,而必须看他的Substack。

Rick Morton, who spearheaded the Saturday Paper’s coverage of Robodebt, posted his thoughts on Gaza and the Bondi massacre on Ghost, a Substack alternative, in January 2026. He quit his job at the Saturday Paper shortly afterwards.

里克·莫顿曾主导《周报》对“Robodebt”的报道,他在2026年1月于Ghost(一个Substack替代平台)发布了关于加沙和邦迪暴行的想法。不久之后,他辞去了在《周报》的工作。

Alex McKinnon established a Substack to report “what others won’t about Australia’s silence on Palestine”; he later launched Deep Cut News with Antoun Issa, who resigned from the Guardian in 2024 “due to objections over the outlet’s coverage of the Gaza genocide”.

亚历克斯·麦金农创立了一个Substack,报道“关于澳大利亚对巴勒斯坦沉默的别人不会报道的内容”;后来,他与安图恩·伊萨一起创办了Deep Cut News。伊萨于2024年从《卫报》辞职,理由是“反对该媒体对加沙种族灭绝的报道”。

Antoinette Lattouf – who won a high-profile legal case against the ABC after it sacked her for sharing a post from Human Rights Watch about Gaza – now works with Jan Fran making podcasts and YouTube shows for their own Ette Media.

安托奈特·拉图夫——她曾赢得一场针对ABC的高知名度法律诉讼,此前ABC因她分享了人权观察关于加沙的一篇帖子而解雇了她——现在与扬·弗兰合作,为他们自己的Ette Media制作播客和YouTube节目。

Scott Mitchell and Osman Faruqi, who both worked for Schwartz’s 7am podcast (as well as various other outlets) , collaborate on the news platform Lamestream.

斯科特·米切尔和奥斯曼·法鲁奇都曾为Schwartz的《早上七点》播客(以及其他各种媒体)工作,他们现在在新闻平台Lamestream上合作。

The proliferation of new outlets and the rejuvenation of older ones, such as Overland, has led to important interventions. The Klaxon, a project of investigative journalist Anthony Klan, doggedly pursued the ties between John Roth, the husband of antisemitism envoy Jillian Segal, and the far-right Advance project. Deep Cut News published the letter in which a pro-Israel academic group lobbied to exclude Abdel-Fattah from the Bendigo Writers Festival. Lamestream broke the story about UQP’s cancellation of Jazz Money’s book.

新媒体的激增和老媒体的复兴(例如《Overland》)带来了重要的介入。调查记者安东尼·克兰的项目《The Klaxon》坚持追查了约翰·罗斯(反犹太主义特使吉莉安·西格尔的丈夫)与极右翼Advance项目之间的联系。《Deep Cut News》发表了一封信,信中提到一个亲以色列学术团体游说将阿卜杜勒-法塔赫排除在本迪戈作家节之外。《Lamestream》爆料了UQP取消了Jazz Money书籍的消息。

Yet good journalism does not, in itself, guarantee the survival of the outlets who conduct it. The mass street movement in support of Gaza created a new audience for alternative publications. But with the establishment of a ceasefire (though not a genuine peace) the protests have declined, creating a difficult environment for media projects challenging the liberal consensus.

然而,优秀的新闻报道本身并不能保证进行报道的媒体的生存。支持加沙的大规模街头运动为替代出版物创造了新的受众。但随着停火的建立(尽管并非真正的和平),抗议活动已经减弱,这为挑战自由主流共识的媒体项目创造了一个艰难的环境。

Legal ramifications

法律影响

In the US context, Johnson doubts that the progressive outlets that supported the genocide will pay much of a short-term price. On the contrary, he identifies a process of rationalisation and justification already underway. Insofar as liberals apportion blame, they attribute it to Netanyahu and what they see as an unfortunate overreaction by the IDF to the barbarities of Hamas. He concludes:

在美国背景下,约翰逊怀疑支持种族灭绝的进步媒体短期内不会付出太多代价。相反,他指出一个正在进行的合理化和辩护过程。只要自由派人归咎于某人,他们就将责任归咎于内塔尼亚胡,以及他们认为以色列国防军(IDF)对哈马斯野蛮行为的过激反应。他总结道:

Mostly, I think the genocide in Gaza will be put into a memory hole, forgotten, dismissed as a lefty ‘obsession’, or hung up, the disproportionate focus of which, it will be heavily implied, is evidence of latent antisemitism. And that will be that.
我认为,加沙的种族灭绝事件最终会被放入“记忆黑洞”,被遗忘,被斥为左翼的“痴迷”,或者被挂起,而其不成比例的关注度,则强烈暗示了潜在的反犹太主义。然后就结束了。

Nevertheless, the consequences of so much killing cannot be evaded entirely. The precedent set by the genocide will reverberate for generations, in the media and elsewhere. As Johnson notes,

然而,如此多的杀戮所带来的后果无法完全避免。种族灭绝设定的先例将在媒体和其他领域引发世代回响。正如约翰逊指出的,

we will likely see versions of Gaza play out in the coming decades across various peripheries […] And the model of deflection, dehumanization, and liberal excuse-making perfected during the Gaza genocide will be the template – the weapons, technological and rhetorical, having been sharpened over late 2023 into 2025.
在未来几十年里,我们可能会在各种边缘地带看到加沙的各种版本上演……而加沙种族灭绝期间完善的转移、非人化和自由派找借口模式,将成为模板——其武器,无论是技术性的还是修辞性的,都在2023年末到2025年间得到了磨砺。

The Gazafication of south Lebanon provides one immediate and obvious example, but there are others. The indifference to legal norms shown by Donald Trump when he greenlit the US and Israeli war on Iran reflected the experience of Gaza, where nothing said by the International Court or the United Nations or similar bodies made any difference at all.

南黎巴嫩的“加沙化”提供了一个即时且明显的例子,但还有其他例子。唐纳德·特朗普在批准美国和以色列对伊朗的战争时表现出的对法律规范的漠视,反映了加沙的经历,在那里,国际法院、联合国或类似机构所说的一切都没有任何影响。

Discussing Trump’s kidnapping of Venezuela’s president Nicolás Maduro, legal scholars Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro warn:

在讨论特朗普绑架委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗时,法律学者乌娜·A·哈维和斯科特·J·夏皮罗警告说:

It is not just the existing international legal system that is in jeopardy now. At risk is the survival of any rules at all – and with them any constraints on the exercise of state power.
现在陷入危险的不仅仅是现有的国际法律体系。面临风险的是任何规则的存续——以及随之而来的对国家权力行使的任何约束。

In that context, as historian Pankaj Mishra concludes, the

在这种背景下,正如历史学家潘卡吉·米什拉总结的那样,

critique of the fourth estate, the so-called pillar of democracy, not only becomes more pertinent. It resonates as a broader analysis of the decay of democratic institutions in the West.
对“第四权力”(即媒体)的批判,作为所谓的民主支柱,不仅变得更加重要。它引起了对西方民主制度衰落的更广泛分析的共鸣。

How to Sell a Genocide is part of that critique. But much more remains to be done.

《如何贩卖种族灭绝》就是这种批判的一部分。但还有更多工作要做。

Jeff Sparrow has signed statements of solidarity with Palestine and participated in campus campaigns against the genocide in Gaza.

杰夫·斯帕罗签署了支持巴勒斯坦的声明,并参与了反对加沙种族灭绝的校园运动。

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