
3 raisons pour lesquelles la guerre entre les États-Unis, Israël et l’Iran se dirige vers un conflit gelé
3 reasons the war between the US, Israel and Iran is headed for a frozen conflict
Much like the frozen conflicts between India and Pakistan or North and South Korea, this will keep the entire world on edge.
Tout comme les conflits gelés entre l’Inde et le Pakistan ou la Corée du Nord et la Corée du Sud, cela tiendra le monde entier en alerte.
With a shaky ceasefire in place between the US, Israel and Iran – and little progress on talks to resolve the complex issues at the heart of the war – where is this conflict going?
Avec un cessez-le-feu précaire en place entre les États-Unis, Israël et l’Iran – et peu de progrès dans les pourparlers visant à résoudre les problèmes complexes au cœur de la guerre – où va ce conflit?
The most likely scenario is a frozen conflict.
Le scénario le plus probable est un conflit gelé.
A frozen conflict is not static, but is an unresolved war that continues at a low-level below the threshold of full-scale combat.
Un conflit gelé n’est pas statique, mais est une guerre non résolue qui se poursuit à un niveau faible, en deçà du seuil des combats à grande échelle.
This typically occurs when a comprehensive political agreement cannot be reached, such as the fighting in eastern Ukraine from 2014 until Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022. This conflict was considered frozen despite the deaths of some 14,000 military personnel and civilians and persistent cyber and information warfare.
Cela se produit généralement lorsqu’un accord politique global ne peut être atteint, comme les combats dans l’est de l’Ukraine de 2014 jusqu’à l’invasion à grande échelle de la Russie en 2022. Ce conflit a été considéré comme gelé malgré les décès d’environ 14 000 militaires et civils ainsi que la guerre cybernétique et de l’information persistante.
Even if negotiations resume this week in Pakistan and an eventual agreement is reached, there are still three reasons we believe this is headed towards a frozen conflict, not a comprehensive peace agreement.
Même si les négociations reprennent cette semaine au Pakistan et qu’un accord éventuel est conclu, il y a toujours trois raisons pour lesquelles nous pensons que ce conflit se dirige vers un conflit gelé, et non vers un accord de paix global.
1)Trump equates ceasefires with an end to war
Trump assimile les cessez-le-feu à la fin de la guerre
US President Donald Trump’s approach to foreign policy has shown he does not treat ceasefires as pauses for negotiations to agree on substantive political issues. Rather, he declares a ceasefire as a US success, then moves on to the next global issue.
L’approche du président américain Donald Trump en matière de politique étrangère a montré qu’il ne considère pas les cessez-le-feu comme des pauses de négociations visant à s’accorder sur des questions politiques substantielles. Au contraire, il déclare un cessez-le-feu comme un succès américain, puis passe au problème mondial suivant.
Trump claims to have ended ten wars, including the current conflict with Iran and Israel’s war in Lebanon. A closer look reveals that in most of these conflicts, a shaky ceasefire has held while substantive issues remain unresolved.
Trump affirme avoir mis fin à dix guerres, y compris le conflit actuel avec l’Iran et la guerre d’Israël au Liban. Un examen plus approfondi révèle que dans la plupart de ces conflits, un cessez-le-feu fragile a été maintenu alors que des questions substantielles restent irrésolues.
This has left frozen conflicts in place with ongoing tensions. In India and Pakistan, which engaged in a brief armed conflict last year, for example, there is a continued risk of renewed hostilities. And a lasting peace between Thailand and Cambodia after last year’s border spats remains elusive.
Cela a laissé des conflits gelés avec des tensions persistantes. En Inde et au Pakistan, qui ont été engagés dans un bref conflit armé l’année dernière, par exemple, il existe un risque continu de nouvelles hostilités. Et une paix durable entre la Thaïlande et le Cambodge après les altercations frontalières de l’année dernière reste illusoire.
Yet, Trump has walked away from these conflicts and claimed an end to war as soon as a cessation of major hostilities was in place.
Pourtant, Trump s’est retiré de ces conflits et a déclaré la fin de la guerre dès qu’une cessation des hostilités majeures était en place.
2)Asymmetric wars are difficult to resolve
2)Les guerres asymétriques sont difficiles à résoudre
The current war is asymmetric because of the huge difference in military strength between the US and Israel on one side, and Iran on the other.
La guerre actuelle est asymétrique en raison de la différence énorme de puissance militaire entre les États-Unis et Israël d’un côté, et l’Iran de l’autre.
Iran has intentionally used asymmetric tactics to counter the US’ overwhelming military power, including targeting infrastructure in Persian Gulf countries not involved in the war and closing the Strait of Hormuz to commercial shipping traffic to disrupt the global economy.
L’Iran a intentionnellement utilisé des tactiques asymétriques pour contrer la puissance militaire écrasante des États-Unis, y compris en ciblant des infrastructures dans des pays du Golfe Persique non impliqués dans la guerre et en fermant le détroit d’Ormuz au trafic maritime commercial pour perturber l’économie mondiale.
Research shows asymmetric wars are inherently protracted and often open-ended. As a result, they are more likely to end in a frozen conflict than an enduring political settlement.
La recherche montre que les guerres asymétriques sont intrinsèquement prolongées et souvent ouvertes. Par conséquent, elles sont plus susceptibles de se terminer par un conflit gelé qu’un règlement politique durable.
The reason for this is simple. The weaker actor cannot win a conventional military battle against the stronger actor. So, it tries to exhaust the more powerful nation with political, economic and psychological pressure, forcing a withdrawal and cessation of hostilities.
La raison est simple. L’acteur plus faible ne peut pas gagner une bataille militaire conventionnelle contre l’acteur plus fort. Il essaie donc d’épuiser la nation la plus puissante par des pressions politiques, économiques et psychologiques, forçant un retrait et la cessation des hostilités.
This is what we are seeing now between the US and Iran. Trump is feeling these rising pressures and is pursuing a ceasefire, while trying to claim a US victory.
C’est ce que nous voyons actuellement entre les États-Unis et l’Iran. Trump ressent ces pressions croissantes et poursuit un cessez-le-feu, tout en essayant de revendiquer une victoire américaine.
Iran, meanwhile, has agreed to a ceasefire in a bid for survival as the weaker actor, rather than a commitment to an enduring end to the conflict.
L’Iran, quant à lui, a accepté un cessez-le-feu dans un effort de survie en tant qu’acteur plus faible, plutôt qu’un engagement envers une fin durable au conflit.
This is reminiscent of the Taliban in Afghanistan, who survived 20 years in a frozen conflict with the US before taking back control of the country when the US withdrew.
Cela rappelle les Talibans en Afghanistan, qui ont survécu pendant 20 ans dans un conflit gelé avec les États-Unis avant de reprendre le contrôle du pays lorsque les États-Unis se sont retirés.
3)There’s been no focus on the more complex issues
3)L’accent n’a pas été mis sur les questions plus complexes.
Neither the US nor Iran appears committed to any long-term resolution of the underlying tensions at the root of the conflict. Key among these is the question of Iran’s nuclear program.
Ni les États-Unis ni l’Iran ne semblent engagés dans une résolution à long terme des tensions sous-jacentes à la racine du conflit. La question du programme nucléaire iranien est au cœur de ces tensions.
For Washington, the first round of peace talks in Pakistan on April 11–12 were aborted because Iran refused to compromise on its nuclear program. And Iran has long argued it has an inalienable right to enrich uranium for civilian purposes.
Pour Washington, la première série de pourparlers de paix au Pakistan les 11 et 12 avril ont été avortés car l’Iran a refusé de faire des compromis sur son programme nucléaire. L’Iran a de plus longtemps soutenu qu’il dispose d’un droit inaliénable d’enrichir l’uranium à des fins civiles.
The negotiations that led to the multilateral 2015 deal on Iran’s nuclear program – the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action – took 20 months to conclude. Trump withdrew from the agreement three years later, calling it a “horrible one-sided deal”.
Les négociations qui ont mené à l’accord multilatéral de 2015 sur le programme nucléaire iranien – le Plan d’action global conjoint – ont nécessité 20 mois pour aboutir. Trump s’est retiré de l’accord trois ans plus tard, le qualifiant de « marché horrible et unilatéral ».
Given this history, a quick and clear resolution to this complex dispute is unlikely.
Compte tenu de cette histoire, une résolution rapide et claire de ce différend complexe est peu probable.
Some analysts believe the US and Iran could announce a partial agreement that would leave many of the technical aspects to be ironed out later.
Certains analystes estiment que les États-Unis et l’Iran pourraient annoncer un accord partiel qui laisserait de nombreux aspects techniques à régler ultérieurement.
But Trump is now facing an opponent that is unlikely to become more accommodating with respect to its long-term “nuclear rights”. In fact, Iran has already shown its resolve by asserting a new geostrategic normal, closing the Strait of Hormuz and disrupting the global economy.
Mais Trump fait face aujourd’hui à un adversaire peu susceptible de devenir plus accommodant concernant ses « droits nucléaires » à long terme. En fait, l’Iran a déjà montré sa détermination en affirmant une nouvelle normalité géostratégique, en fermant le détroit d’Ormuz et en perturbant l’économie mondiale.
What a frozen conflict means for the region
What a frozen conflict means for the region
The Iran-US war may conclude with a series of ceasefires, but will likely remain a frozen conflict due to these underlying tensions. This means more threats from both sides over Iran’s nuclear program and periodic flare-ups of violence between Israel and Iran, the US and Iran, or both.
The Iran-US war may conclude with a series of ceasefires, but will likely remain a frozen conflict due to these underlying tensions. This means more threats from both sides over Iran’s nuclear program and periodic flare-ups of violence between Israel and Iran, the US and Iran, or both.
This is much like the frozen situation in Gaza. Last October, Israel and Hamas agreed to a ceasefire under Trump’s 20-point peace plan. The first phase of the plan was then largely implemented, leading to a hostage-prisoner exchange, a decrease in Israel’s heavy bombardments of Gaza and a resumption of aid into the strip.
This is much like the frozen situation in Gaza. Last October, Israel and Hamas agreed to a ceasefire under Trump’s 20-point peace plan. The first phase of the plan was then largely implemented, leading to a hostage-prisoner exchange, a decrease in Israel’s heavy bombardments of Gaza and a resumption of aid into the strip.
However, there has since been no progress on the more complex questions of the post-war governance of Gaza, redevelopment of the strip and – crucially – the disarmament of Hamas fighters. As a result, Israel has refused to completely withdraw its troops and violence has continued.
However, there has since been no progress on the more complex questions of the post-war governance of Gaza, redevelopment of the strip and – crucially – the disarmament of Hamas fighters. As a result, Israel has refused to completely withdraw its troops and violence has continued.
From a historical perspective, the frozen conflict in the Koreas is also instructive. The war ended with an armistice in 1953 and no peace treaty, effectively leaving North and South Korea at war to this day. This led to the North developing an underground nuclear weapons program that continues to pose a threat to the world.
From a historical perspective, the frozen conflict in the Koreas is also instructive. The war ended with an armistice in 1953 and no peace treaty, effectively leaving North and South Korea at war to this day. This led to the North developing an underground nuclear weapons program that continues to pose a threat to the world.
Similarly, the decades-long frozen India-Pakistan conflict has led to an arms race(including the development of nuclear weapons on both sides), instability in South Asia and periodic flare-ups of violence.
Similarly, the decades-long frozen India-Pakistan conflict has led to an arms race(including the development of nuclear weapons on both sides), instability in South Asia and periodic flare-ups of violence.
A frozen conflict between the US, Israel and Iran will no doubt create similar long-term instability in the Middle East, including a possible arms race in the Middle East and more flare-ups of violence, particularly around control of the Strait of Hormuz.
A frozen conflict between the US, Israel and Iran will no doubt create similar long-term instability in the Middle East, including a possible arms race in the Middle East and more flare-ups of violence, particularly around control of the Strait of Hormuz.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Read more
-

All The President’s Men à 50 ans : l’un des meilleurs films sur le journalisme d’investigation jamais réalisés
All The President’s Men at 50: one of the finest films about investigative journalism ever made
-

Essai du vendredi : Bollywood m’a aidé à devenir – maintenant, il projette le nationalisme indien de Modi
Friday essay: Bollywood helped make me – now, it projects Modi’s Indian nationalism